For general unfair treatment, follow‐up questions are sometimes used to specify one or more possible attributions. Everyday discrimination was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Racial and ethnic discrimination differentiates individuals on the basis of real and perceived racial and ethnic differences and leads to various forms of the ethnic penalty. Control and predictor variables were mean‐centred and significantly correlated exogenous variables were covaried. High levels of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination accompanied by poor sleep quality was associated prospectively with depressive symptoms. Individuals can discriminate by refusing to do business with, socialize with, or share resources with people of a certain group. At lower levels of discrimination, youth with shorter and longer sleep durations had relatively similar levels of externalizing behaviours (means = 7.30 and 8.99, respectively). 1b). Anxiety and depression are highly correlated constructs, and the similar pattern of effects across these two outcomes may be due in part to shared variance. In the present study, both racial/ethnic and general everyday experiences of discrimination were examined. Sleep minutes moderating the association linking perceived racial/ethnic discrimination with anxiety and depression. Methods: Everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination, burden of discrimination, and stress from discrimination were examined among 4939 participants aged 35 to 84 years (women = 3123; men = 1816). It is also plausible that longer sleep may be protective against maladjustment in the context of low discrimination, but not high discrimination. This model explained 16.1% of the variance in externalizing symptoms. Adolescents completed the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale 2 (Reynolds and Richmond, 2008). In examining the effects of the covariates in the model (not depicted in the Tables for simplicity), boys reported lower levels of anxiety than girls [B = −3.87, standard error (SE) = 1.01, β = −0.25, P < 0.001]. For youth who slept longer, the expected positive association between ethnic discrimination and internalizing symptoms was evident. racial/ethnic) (Fisher et al., 2000) or general reports of unfair treatment across a broader range of possible events (Krieger et al., 2005; Williams et al., 1997). Sex (0 = girls, 1 = boys), race/ethnicity (0 = EA, 1 = AA), family income‐to‐needs ratio, age, chronic illness (0 = no, 1 = yes) and standardized body mass index (BMI) score (zBMI; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007) were controlled in analyses. Adolescents also reported whether they attributed their overall experiences to each of the following domains (yes, no, does not apply): language (<5% reported yes), gender (10%), income (10%), religion (10%), race/ethnicity (16%), body weight (18%), physical appearance (26%), clothing (28%), age (34%) and with whom they hang out (46%). To increase sample size, an additional 53 youth were recruited for the present wave using the same inclusion criteria, and from the same schools as the original sample. Ethnic/Racial Identity as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Discrimination and Adolescent Outcomes. Several limitations warrant mention. Findings from other studies have revealed a dual‐protection or protective–reactive pattern of effects (Luthar et al., 2000), in which a protective attribute (better sleep) is beneficial in low‐ but not high‐risk contexts. Path coefficients reported are from the step of entry. Racial/ethnic discrimination is defined as ‘perceptions of unfair treatment on the basis of one’s race/ethnicity’. Supportive of this pattern, children and adolescents with the highest level of adaptation were those with longer and better quality sleep in conjunction with low familial (Bernier et al., 2014; Bordeleau et al., 2012; El‐Sheikh et al., 2014), peer (Tu et al., 2015) or sociocultural risks (Yip, 2014). Objective: Discrimination is posited to underlie racial disparities in hypertension. The full analytical sample was composed of 252 adolescents (118 boys, 134 girls, 66% EA, 34% AA) between the ages of 14 and 18 years [mean age = 15.79 years, standard deviation (SD) = 0.81]. Data for the current study come from the fourth wave (collected from 2012 to 2013) of the Family Stress Study conducted at Auburn University; neither the discrimination measures nor actigraphy data were collected at the earlier waves. Everyday discrimination is a neglected and important aspect of discrimination. In an exploratory study of African Americans' perceived experiences of isolate racial discrimination and its impact, the authors found that sixty percent of African Americans perceived that they had been discriminated against in the past three years. Perceived discrimination is a risk factor for psychological problems in children and adults (for reviews see Schmitt et al., 2014; Williams and Mohammed, 2013). Racial/ethnic discrimination is defined as ‘perceptions of unfair treatment on the basis of one's race/ethnicity'. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses revealed that neither version of the scale generates estimates of discrimination that can be meaningfully compared across all racial/ethnic, age, gender, and education-based groups. The study was approved by the university's institutional review board. Generally, adolescents with shorter sleep tended to have higher levels of internalizing symptoms regardless of discrimination. Everyday Discrimination Scale (Short Version) alpha = .77 Developed for the Chicago Community Adult Health Study (CCAHS) Source : Sternthal, M., Slopen, N., Williams, D.R. Note that adolescents who slept longer (+1 SD) obtained 7.69 h of sleep; those with shorter sleep obtained 5.86 h. Examination of the covariates indicated that boys reported lower levels of depressive symptoms than girls (B = −1.97, SE = 0.79, β = −0.17, P < 0.001). Perceived racial discrimination was also associated with frequent mental distress and with having an emotional or behavioral problem that needs treatment or counseling. Given that the sample was composed of relatively well‐adjusted youth, who slept on average for 6.8 h, findings would probably be more pronounced in clinical samples. I: pathways and scientific evidence, Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio‐economic status, stress and discrimination, Perceived discrimination, race and health in South Africa, The effects of ethnic/racial discrimination and sleep quality on depressive symptoms and self‐esteem trajectories among diverse adolescents. Id. Extant literature suggests a possible association between racial discrimination and blood pressure, although inconsistent findings have been reported. However, those with longer sleep and lower levels of discrimination had the lowest levels of internalizing symptoms. These findings are consistent with some literature on the moderating role of sleep in various contexts (Bordeleau et al., 2012) and support a dual‐protection or protective–reactive pattern of effects (Luthar et al., 2000). Nights with medication use were excluded from analyses. In total, three values were recoded, including one for perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and two for externalizing symptoms. Reports of racially discriminatory behaviors toward Asians in the United States have surged during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) is among the most frequently used instruments to assess perceptions of discrimination in general, as well as specific types of discrimination (e.g., based on race/ethnicity or age). Further, general perceived discrimination was associated more strongly with externalizing behaviours for youth with shorter versus longer sleep. Special Education, Rehabilitation and Counseling, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. Disentangling the effects of racial and weight discrimination on body mass index and obesity among Asian Americans. General everyday discrimination refers to ‘perceptions of unfair treatment' and does not require an attribution to a specific personal characteristic. Adolescents with chronic illness had shorter sleep duration (r = −0.16, P < 0.05). No differences across study variables emerged between participants recruited at T1 versus T4. Although we examined sleep as the moderator of effects, graphs could be interpreted as supportive of sleep as the predictor of adjustment outcomes with perceived discrimination as the moderator. Partial correlations controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, age, income‐to‐needs ratio, chronic illness and standardized body mass index did not reveal correlations between measures of discrimination and sleep duration. Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Cadwell BL, Imperatore G, … Parents reported on demographic variables and adolescent externalizing problems, and adolescents reported on racial and everyday perceived discrimination, as well as anxiety and depression, in that order. Racial discrimination predicted higher levels of anxiety (Table 2). If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Path models were a good fit to the data (non‐significant χ2, root mean square error of approximation <0.05, comparative fit index >0.90). For example, being prompted to report experiences of racial discrimination versus general unfair treatment may lead individuals to recollect different sets of experiences. Tests of simple slopes revealed that discrimination predicted depression for youth with longer but not shorter sleep duration (B = 0.20, SE = 0.03, P < 0.001; B = 0.05, SE = 0.03, P = 0.11; respectively; Fig. Building on the literature, perceived racial discrimination interacted with sleep to predict anxiety and depressive symptoms. 2008; 98 (3):493–500. Family Contexts of Sleep and Health Across the Life Course. ‘you were hassled by a store clerk or store guard'; ‘you were discouraged from joining an advanced level of class'; ‘you were called racially insulting names') happened to them because of their race or ethnicity and, if so, how much these events upset them. For perceptions of everyday discrimination, frequently endorsed domains pertained to who adolescents hang out with, age, clothing, physical appearance, body weight and race/ethnicity, in this order. Adolescents were asked how often each experience occurred in their day‐to‐day life (e.g. Interparental conflict and early adolescents' aggression: is irregular sleep a vulnerability factor? Adolescents wore actigraphs on their non‐dominant wrists for 7 consecutive nights. Items were rated on a four‐point scale (1 = often to 4 = never). Self‐reported discrimination has emerged as a predictor of negative psychological and physical health outcomes across racial/ethnic groups. 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